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The serotype of IAV is determined by the HA and neuraminidase (NA) proteins expressed on its surface. [12] Neuraminidase has 11 known subtypes; hence, influenza viruses are named according to the combinations of HA and NA proteins expressed (e.g., H1N1 and H5N2). [7] Structure of influenza, showing neuraminidase marked as NA and hemagglutinin ...
This results in new subtype of hemagglutinins being created frequently, and is the cause of seasonal influenza outbreaks in humans. [14] Measles hemagglutinin: a hemagglutinin produced by the measles virus [15] that encodes six structural proteins, with hemagglutinin and fusion proteins being surface glycoproteins involved in attachment and ...
This attachment is required for efficient transfer of flu virus genes into cells, a process that can be blocked by antibodies that bind to the hemagglutinin proteins. One genetic factor in distinguishing between human flu viruses and avian flu viruses is that avian influenza HA bind to alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human influenza HA ...
Two viral proteins; hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are inserted into the envelope and are exposed as spikes on the surface of the virion. Both proteins are antigenic; a host's immune system can react to them and produce antibodies in response. The M2 protein forms an ion channel in the envelope and is responsible for uncoating the ...
Viral neuraminidase cleaves terminal sialic acid residues from glycan structures on the surface of the infected cell. This promotes the release of progeny viruses and the spread of the virus from the host cell to uninfected surrounding cells. Neuraminidase also cleaves sialic acid residues from viral proteins, preventing aggregation of viruses.
Influenza A viruses are further classified, based on the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). 18 HA subtypes (or serotypes) and 11 NA subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated in nature. Among these, the HA subtype 1-16 and NA subtype 1-9 are found in wild waterfowl and shorebirds and the HA ...
“For example, if a human gets infected with a bird flu and also carries a human influenza A virus, these two viruses can exchange genetic material. This is known as genetic shift,” Michael ...
It does this by making the cell copy the virus's DNA or RNA, making viral proteins, which all assemble to form new virus particles. [37] There are six basic, overlapping stages in the life cycle of viruses in living cells: [38] Attachment is the binding of the virus to specific molecules on the surface of the cell. This specificity restricts ...