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Scores on the CES-DC range from 0 to 60, in which higher scores suggest a greater presence of depressive symptoms. A score of 15 or higher is interpreted to indicate a risk for depression. However, screening for depression is a complex process and scoring a 15 or higher on the CES-DC should be followed by further evaluation.
DASS, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, [1] is made up of 42 self-report items to be completed over five to ten minutes, each reflecting a negative emotional symptom. [2] Each of these is rated on a four-point Likert scale of frequency or severity of the participants' experiences over the last week to emphasize states over traits.
According to multiple studies, rumination is a mechanism that develops and sustains psychopathological conditions such as anxiety, depression, and other negative mental disorders. [4] There are some defined models of rumination, mostly interpreted by the measurement tools. [5] Multiple tools exist to measure ruminative thoughts.
Some depression rating scales are completed by patients. The Beck Depression Inventory, for example, is a 21-question self-report inventory that covers symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, weight loss, lack of interest in sex, and feelings of guilt, hopelessness or fear of being punished. [11]
Because at a granular level psychometric research is concerned with the extent and nature of multidimensionality in each of the items of interest, a relatively new procedure known as bi-factor analysis [22] [23] [24] can be helpful. Bi-factor analysis can decompose "an item's systematic variance in terms of, ideally, two sources, a general ...
Pessimistic thoughts; Suicidal thoughts; Each item yields a score of 0 to 6; the overall score thus ranges from 0 to 60. [4] Higher MADRS score indicates more severe depression. Usual cutoff points are: 0 to 6: normal [5] /symptom absent [4] 7 to 19: mild depression [4] [5] 20 to 34: moderate depression [5] 35 to 60: severe depression. [5]
The percentage of students reporting depression and anxiety has doubled since 2013, according to the Healthy Minds Survey, which examines the mental health and well-being of college students ...
Beck developed a triad of negative cognitions about the world, the future, and the self, which play a major role in depression. An example of the triad in action taken from Brown (1995) is the case of a student obtaining poor exam results: The student has negative thoughts about the world, so he may come to believe he does not enjoy the class.