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Lava flows dated to about 30,000–40,000 years ago formed most of the lava tubes in the monument. As the hot basaltic lava flowed downhill, the top cooled and crusted over, insulating the rest of the lava and forming lava tubes.
Member A and B were sourced from separate magma reservoirs prior to eruption, [19] at a depth range of 3–6 km (1.9–3.7 mi) [20] and a temperature of 790–815 °C (1,454–1,499 °F). [21] The eruption of member B was probably triggered by a combination of an injection of new silicic magma into the reservoir and volatile exsolution from ...
It poured out an estimated 42 billion tonnes or 14 km 3 (18 × 10 ^ 9 cu yd) of basalt lava as well as clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that contaminated the soil, leading to the death of over 50% of Iceland's livestock population, and the destruction of the vast majority of all crops.