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Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
This combination can lead to vitamin K deficiency and later onset bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency leads to the risk of blood coagulation problems due to impaired production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and protein S by the liver. More rarely VKDB can be caused by maternal medicines causing vitamin K deficiency in the newborn. [2]
The prevalence of vitamin K deficiency varies by geographic region. For infants in the United States, vitamin K 1 deficiency without bleeding may occur in as many as 50% of infants younger than 5 days old, with the classic hemorrhagic disease occurring in 0.25-1.7% of infants. [2]
Newborn infants are a special case. Plasma vitamin K is low at birth, even if the mother is supplemented during pregnancy, because the vitamin is not transported across the placenta. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) due to physiologically low vitamin K plasma concentrations is a serious risk for premature and term newborn and young infants.
VKAs diminish vitamin K levels in the body and inhibit the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. [27] Thus, by inhibiting vitamin K, a key element by which the body produces clots, the risk of prolonged bleeding increases. [28] Traditionally, vitamin K has been used as a reversal agent for VKAs.
Phytomenadione, also known as vitamin K 1 or phylloquinone, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [6] [7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [8] It is used to treat certain bleeding disorders, [7] including warfarin overdose, vitamin K deficiency, and obstructive jaundice. [7]
According to a 2008 review, an estimated 178 million children under age 5 are stunted, most of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa. [15] A 2008 review of malnutrition found that about 55 million children are wasted, including 19 million who have severe wasting or severe acute malnutrition. [ 15 ]
More than two billion people are estimated to be affected by vitamin and mineral deficiencies, particularly vitamin A, iodine, iron, and zinc. [5] Worldwide, over half of preschool-aged children and two-thirds of non-pregnant women of reproductive age are estimated to have micronutrient deficiencies. [ 6 ]
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