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The rationale behind the establishment of European Works Councils is related to the economic and political integration of the European Union. As companies became more transnational, the local information and consultation bodies (such as works councils) lacked a direct link to the level on which the real decisions are taken. As EWCs bring ...
The election procedure was simplified, an "equality quota" (minimum seats for the gender in the minority, see electoral regulations Works Constitution Act § 15 WO) was introduced, the separation between blue-collar and white-collar workers was abolished, the exemption thresholds for works council members were lowered and the works council's ...
The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) [1] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others. [2] The European Union negotiates free trade deals on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU has an "exclusive competence" to ...
The basis of European procurement regulation lies in the provisions of the European Union treaties which prohibit barriers to intra-Union trade, provide the freedom to provide services and the right to establishment (three of the "Four Freedoms"), prohibit discrimination on the basis of national origin and regulate public undertakings and public monopolies. [3]
§77 of the Works Constitution Act specifies that works agreements cannot deal with matters, primarily dealt through collective bargaining, i.e., wage increases.Section §87(1) outlines 14 different areas of enforceable co-determination, insofar as they are not already regulated in existing collective agreements specific to that company and industry, unless such collective agreements ...
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the agreement to unlock e-commerce by stopping unjustified geo-blocking. [66] More recently the European Commission under Ursula Von der Leyen proposed the introduction of a Digital Services Act [70] as a way to revise the "eCommerce Directive". [71] Based on the guidelines we can say that the new Directive will be based in two pillars:
The Treaty of Paris (1951) [4] establishing the European Coal and Steel Community established a right to free movement for workers in these industries, and the Treaty of Rome (1957) [5] provided a right for the free movement of workers within the European Economic Community, to be implemented within 12 years from the date of entry into force of the treaty.