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The engine is powered by proton-motive force, i.e., by the flow of protons (hydrogen ions) across the bacterial cell membrane due to a concentration gradient set up by the cell's metabolism (Vibrio species have two kinds of flagella, lateral and polar, and some are driven by a sodium ion pump rather than a proton pump [26]). The rotor ...
In polar flagellation, the flagella are present at one or both ends of the cell: if a single flagellum is attached at one pole, the cell is called monotrichous; if a tuft of flagella is located at one pole, the cells is lophotrichous; when flagella are present at both ends, the cell is amphitrichous.
A polar organelle is a structure at a specialised region of the bacterial polar membrane that is associated with the flagellar apparatus. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This flagellum-associated structure can easily be distinguished from the other membrane regions in ultrathin sections of embedded bacteria by electron microscopy when the cell membrane is ...
The opisthokonts (from Ancient Greek ὀπίσθιος (opísthios) 'rear, posterior' and κοντός (kontós) 'pole, i.e. flagellum') are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms. [5] The opisthokonts, previously called the "Fungi/Metazoa group", [6] are generally recognized as a clade.
A flagellum (plural: flagella) is a long, slender projection from the cell body, whose function is to propel a unicellular or small multicellular organism. The depicted type of flagellum is found in bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella , and rotates like a propeller when the bacterium swims.
Another difference is that the gradient used to power the flagellar motor is sodium driven rather than proton driven; this creates greater torque, and Vibrio flagella have been shown to rotate over five times faster than the H +-driven flagella of E. coli. The flagellum is also surrounded by a sheath extending from the membrane.
Caldimonas hydrothermale is a Gram negative, thermophilic and motile bacterium from the genus Caldimonas with a single polar flagellum which has been isolated from a natural thermal spring in Tozeur in Tunisia. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Bradyrhizobium species are Gram-negative bacilli (rod-shaped) with a single subpolar or polar flagellum.They are common soil-dwelling micro-organisms that can form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plant species where they fix nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates from the plant.