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Calmodulin is a small, highly conserved protein that is 148 amino acids long (16.7 kDa). The protein has two approximately symmetrical globular domains (the N- and C- domains) each containing a pair of EF hand motifs [5] separated by a flexible linker region for a total of four Ca 2+ binding sites, two in each globular domain. [6]
Calcium-binding proteins can be either intracellular and extracellular. Those that are intracellular can contain or lack a structural EF-hand domain. Extracellular calcium-binding proteins are classified into six groups. [2] Since Ca (2+) is an important second messenger, it can act as an activator or inhibitor in gene transcription.
Calmodulin 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the CALM1 gene. [3] Calmodulin [4] plays a role in calcium signal transduction pathways by regulating control of ion channels, enzymes, aquaporins, and other proteins. It functions as a calcium-binding protein that has been grouped into the EF-hand motif found in eukaryotic cells ...
The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.
Shows Ca 2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum through phospholipase C (PLC) pathway.. Calcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca 2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction.
Calcineurin is a heterodimer of a 61-kD calmodulin-binding catalytic subunit, calcineurin A and a 19-kD Ca 2+-binding regulatory subunit, calcineurin B.There are three isozymes of the catalytic subunit, each encoded by a separate gene (PPP3CA, PPP3CB, and PPP3CC) and two isoforms of the regulatory, also encoded by separate genes (PPP3R1, PPP3R2).
It is a 28 kDa protein encoded in humans by the CALB1 gene. Calbindin contains 4 active calcium-binding domains , and 2 modified domains that have lost their calcium-binding capacity. Calbindin acts as a calcium buffer and calcium sensor and can hold four Ca 2+ in the EF-hands of loops EF1, EF3, EF4 and EF5.
CaMKII gamma holoenzyme in its (A) closed and the (B) open conformations. Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II or CaMKII) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is regulated by the Ca 2+