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The Norton equivalent circuit is used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given frequency. Norton's theorem and its dual, Thévenin's theorem , are widely used for circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit's initial-condition and steady-state response.
Application of Thévenin's theorem and Norton's theorem gives the quantities associated with the equivalence. Specifically, given a real current source, which is an ideal current source I {\displaystyle I} in parallel with an impedance Z {\displaystyle Z} , applying a source transformation gives an equivalent real voltage source, which is an ...
As a mnemonic, the Thevenin replacements for voltage and current sources can be remembered as the sources' values (meaning their voltage or current) are set to zero. A zero valued voltage source would create a potential difference of zero volts between its terminals, just like an ideal short circuit would do, with two leads touching; therefore ...
Mathematically, current and voltage sources can be converted to each other using Thévenin's theorem and Norton's theorem. In the case of a nonlinear device , such as a transistor , the term "output impedance" usually refers to the effect upon a small-amplitude signal, and will vary with the bias point of the transistor, that is, with the ...
Also well known are the Norton and Thévenin equivalent current generator and voltage generator circuits respectively, as is the Y-Δ transform. None of these are discussed in detail here; the individual linked articles should be consulted. The number of equivalent circuits that a linear network can be transformed into is unbounded.
The Thévenin equivalent of a circuit looks like this: The circuit is represented by an ideal voltage source Vs in series with an internal resistance Rs . With no load (open-circuited terminals), all of V S {\displaystyle V_{S}} falls across the output; the output voltage is V S {\displaystyle V_{S}} .
Figure 4. These circuits are equivalent: (A) A resistor at nonzero temperature with internal thermal noise; (B) Its Thévenin equivalent circuit: a noiseless resistor in series with a noise voltage source; (C) Its Norton equivalent circuit: a noiseless resistance in parallel with a noise current source.
As a result of studying Kirchhoff's circuit laws and Ohm's law, he developed his famous theorem, Thévenin's theorem, [1] which made it possible to calculate currents in more complex electrical circuits and allowing people to reduce complex circuits into simpler circuits called Thévenin's equivalent circuits.