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Suzerainty differs from sovereignty in that the dominant power allows tributary states to be technically independent but enjoy only limited self-rule. Although the situation has existed in a number of historical empires, it is considered difficult to reconcile with 20th- or 21st-century concepts of international law , in which sovereignty is a ...
The University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy, where teaching began around 1088 and which was organised into a university in the late 12th century, is the world's oldest university in continuous operation, [1] and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute.
From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813. Brill. ISBN 978-9004445154. Floor, Willem (2010). "Who were the Shamkhal and the Usmi?". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 160 (2): 341– 381. JSTOR 10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.160.2.0341.
"The Great Seljuk Empire" by A. C. S. Peacock also shows two raids by Jubuq in 1092 to Mecca and Yemen in its map p.62, and writes: "Malikshah sent an expedition to assert Seljuk authority in Mecca in the Hijaz (which under Alp Arslan had briefly recognised Seljuk suzerainty) and Yemen, capturing Aden by the Indian Ocean."
The bunga mas, a form of tribute sent to the King of Ayutthaya from its vassal states in the Malay Peninsula. A tributary state is a pre-modern state in a particular type of subordinate relationship to a more powerful state which involved the sending of a regular token of submission, or tribute, to the superior power (the suzerain). [1]
The rights and obligations of a vassal are called vassalage, while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called suzerainty. The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or fief. [3]
Taxila's university remained in existence during the travels of Chinese pilgrim Faxian, who visited Taxila around 400 CE. [60] He wrote that Taxila's name translated as "the Severed Head", and was the site of a story in the life of Buddha "where he gave his head to a man".
Some states within the eyalet system included sancakbeys who were local to their sanjak or who inherited their position (e.g., Samtskhe, some Kurdish sanjaks), areas that were permitted to elect their own leaders (e.g., areas of Albania, Epirus, and Morea (Mani Peninsula) was nominally a part of Aegean Islands Province but Maniot beys were tributary vassals of the Porte, or de facto ...