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Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), or equine Cushing's disease, is an endocrine disease affecting the pituitary gland of horses. It is most commonly seen in older animals, [ 1 ] and is classically associated with the formation of a long, wavy coat ( hirsutism ) and chronic laminitis .
Cushing's is an umbrella term for conditions caused by elevated cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Cushing's disease most commonly refers to pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, the most common condition of Cushing's syndrome, but 'Cushing's' is used to refer to all hyperadrenocorticism conditions. [2]
The mortality rate of Cushing's disease was reported to be 10–11%, [24] [27] with the majority of deaths due to vascular disease. [ 9 ] [ 24 ] Women aged 45–70 years have a significantly higher mortality rate than men. [ 24 ]
Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is an endocrinopathy affecting horses and ponies. It is of primary concern due to its link to obesity, insulin dysregulation , and subsequent laminitis .
Human infectious diseases may be characterized by their case fatality rate (CFR), the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it (cf. mortality rate).It should not be confused with the infection fatality rate (IFR), the estimated proportion of people infected by a disease-causing agent, including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections, who die from the disease.
Between 1998 and 2005, the National Animal Health Monitoring System (USA) estimates that the obesity rate rose from 1.5% to 3.5% of the equine population. [39] This rate rises to 19% obese (score of 8 or 9 on the Henneke scale) and 32% overweight (6.5 to 7.5 on the scale), in an American study published in 2007. [ 40 ]
Plasma lactate levels can help predict survival rates, with an increased survival seen in horses with a lactate below 6.0 mmol/L. [15] Prognosis is usually poor, with a survival rate of approximately 36% of horses with a 360 degree volvulus, and 74% of those with a 270 degree volvulus, and a reoccurrence rate of 5–50%. [15]
Five-year relative survival rates describe the percentage of patients with a disease alive five years after the disease is diagnosed, divided by the percentage of the general population of corresponding sex and age alive after five years. Typically, cancer five-year relative survival rates are well below 100%, reflecting excess mortality among ...