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Gases behave as an ideal gas regardless of temperature when the reduced pressure is much less than one (P R ≪ 1). When reduced temperature is greater than two (T R > 2), ideal-gas behavior can be assumed regardless of pressure, unless pressure is much greater than one (P R ≫ 1).
In an actual system, the force out would be less than 600 pounds due to friction in the pulleys. The second ratio also yields a MA of 6 in the ideal case but a smaller value in the practical scenario; it does not properly account for energy losses such as rope stretch. Subtracting those losses from the IMA or using the first ratio yields the AMA.
Z can, in general, be either greater or less than unity for a real gas. The deviation from ideal gas behavior tends to become particularly significant (or, equivalently, the compressibility factor strays far from unity) near the critical point, or in the case of high pressure or low temperature.
Less work is required to move heat than for conversion into heat, and because of this, heat pumps, air conditioners and refrigeration systems can have a coefficient of performance greater than one. The COP is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often ...
Marginal land is land that is of little agricultural or developmental value because crops produced from the area would be worth less than any rent paid for access to the area. [1] Although the term marginal is often used in a subjective sense for less-than-ideal lands, it is fundamentally an economic term [ 2 ] that is defined by the local ...
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. [1] In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures ...
For an ideal gas, fugacity and pressure are equal, and so φ = 1. Taken at the same temperature and pressure, the difference between the molar Gibbs free energies of a real gas and the corresponding ideal gas is equal to RT ln φ. The fugacity is closely related to the thermodynamic activity. For a gas, the activity is simply the fugacity ...
These ideal electrical elements represent actual, physical electrical or electronic components. Still, they do not exist physically and are assumed to have ideal properties. In contrast, actual electrical components have less than ideal properties, a degree of uncertainty in their values, and some degree of nonlinearity.