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A dimmer consisted of a glass jar filled with salt water with a metal electrode at each end. As the upper electrode was moved away from the lower [3] electrode, the resistance increased and the lights got dimmer. [4] [5] [6] The brightness also depended on the concentration of salt in the water. [4]
Early examples of a rheostat dimmer include a salt water dimmer, a kind of liquid rheostat; the liquid between a movable and fixed contact provided a variable resistance. The closer the contacts to each other, the more voltage was available for the light.
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
The crab-eating frog, or Rana cancrivora, is an example of a vertebrate osmoconformer. The crab-eating frog also regulates its rates of urea retention and excretion, which allows them to survive and maintain their status as osmoconformers in a wide range of external salinities. [ 3 ]
The first of these to unambiguously depict the paper fortune teller is an 1876 German book for children. It appears again, with the salt cellar name, in several other publications in the 1880s and 1890s in New York and Europe. Mitchell also cites a 1907 Spanish publication describing a guessing game similar to the use of paper fortune tellers. [20]
For example, acetic acid forms a dimer in the gas phase, where the monomer units are held together by hydrogen bonds. [3] Many OH-containing molecules form dimers, e.g. the water dimer . Dimers that form based on weak electrostatic interaction and/or van der Waals interactions have a short lifetime, but can be stabilized through special ...
The Etosha pan, in the Etosha National Park in Namibia, is another prominent example of a salt pan. The Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia is the largest salt pan in the world. As of 2024, with an estimated 23 million tons , Bolivia holds about 22% of the world's known lithium resources (105 million tons); most of those are in the Salar de Uyuni. [ 3 ]
The first theoretical study of the water dimer was an ab initio calculation published in 1968 by Morokuma and Pedersen. [10] Since then, the water dimer has been the focus of sustained interest by theoretical chemists concerned with hydrogen bonding—a search of the CAS database up to 2006 returns over 1100 related references (73 of them in 2005).