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These two articles became the source of debate regarding Presidential Decree No. 52/1995, which was the primary legal basis for the reclamation of Jakarta Bay by the DKI Jakarta Government. The northern coast of Jakarta is planned to undergo land reclamation. The area to be reclaimed will cover 17 islands.
Drivers, processes, and impacts of sinking cities [1]. Sinking cities are urban environments that are in danger of disappearing due to their rapidly changing landscapes.The largest contributors to these cities becoming unlivable are the combined effects of climate change (manifested through sea level rise, intensifying storms, and storm surge), land subsidence, and accelerated urbanization. [2]
The Special Capital Region of Jakarta in Indonesia is divided into 5 administrative cities and one regency, which in turn are divided into districts (Indonesian: kecamatan), and subsequently subdistricts (Indonesian: kelurahan). In total, there are 44 districts and 267 subdistricts in Jakarta, a number that has remained constant since the most ...
The mean sea level rise globally was 3–10 mm per year, while the subsidence rate for Jakarta was around 75–100 mm per year, making the relative rise in sea level nearly 10 cm per year. [39] Continued carbon emissions at the 2019 rate, in combination with unlicensed groundwater extraction, is predicted to immerse 95% of Northern Jakarta by 2050.
Subsidence frequently causes major problems in karst terrains, where dissolution of limestone by fluid flow in the subsurface creates voids (i.e., caves).If the roof of a void becomes too weak, it can collapse and the overlying rock and earth will fall into the space, causing subsidence at the surface.
Jakarta [b] (/ dʒ ə ˈ k ɑːr t ə /; Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta] ⓘ, Betawi: Jakartè), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta; DKI Jakarta) and formerly known as Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and an autonomous region at the provincial level.
It covers about 4,500,000 km 2 (1,700,000 sq mi), which is 8% of Eurasia and 3% of Earth's total land area. Its total population is more than 675 million, about 8.5% of the world's population. It is the third most populous geographical region in Asia after South Asia and East Asia. [8]
Alongside flooding from rivers, Jakarta is also sinking about 5 to 10 centimeters each year and up to 20 centimeters in northern Jakarta mainland. From 2000 to 2050, the potential coastal flood extent is estimated to increase by 110.5 km 2 due to both land subsidence and sea level rise. [46]