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A presupposition of a part of an utterance is sometimes also a presupposition of the whole utterance, and sometimes not. For instance, the phrase my wife triggers the presupposition that I have a wife. The first sentence below carries that presupposition, even though the phrase occurs inside an embedded clause. In the second sentence, however ...
(Q-implicature: the stronger claim is negated, as with scalar implicatures) Horn's account has been criticised for misrepresenting the speaker's and hearer's interests: realistically, the hearer does not want a lot of information but just the relevant information; and the speaker is more interested in being understood than in having little work ...
Entailment contrasts with the pragmatic notion of implicature. While implicatures are fallible inferences, entailments are enforced by lexical meanings plus the laws of logic. [ 3 ] Entailments also differ from presuppositions , whose truth is taken for granted.
Pragmatics encompasses phenomena including implicature, speech acts, relevance and conversation, [2] as well as nonverbal communication. Theories of pragmatics go hand-in-hand with theories of semantics , which studies aspects of meaning, and syntax , which examines sentence structures, principles, and relationships.
Grice, the originator of the concept of implicature, draws a distinction between explicit and contextual cancellation. [2] He calls an implicature p explicitly cancellable if it is possible to cancel it by adding a statement to the effect of "but not p " to the utterance which would otherwise implicate it.
Presupposition, conventional implicature, and beyond: A unified account of projection. Proceedings of the ESSLLI 2009. 2007. P Amaral, C Roberts, EA Smith. Review of the logic of conventional implicatures by Chris Potts, Linguistics and Philosophy 30 (6), 707-749; 2006. C Roberts. Only, presupposition and implicature Journal of Semantics; 2004 ...
In pragmatics, scalar implicature, or quantity implicature, [1] is an implicature that attributes an implicit meaning beyond the explicit or literal meaning of an utterance, and which suggests that the utterer had a reason for not using a more informative or stronger term on the same scale. The choice of the weaker characterization suggests ...
Beyond seeking confirmation or contradiction, sometimes it is approval or permission that is sought as well, among other reasons one could have for posing a question. The one exception in which it isn't information that is needed, is when the question happens to be rhetorical (see allofunctional implicature section below). While an imperative ...