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Earth cutaway from core to exosphere Geothermal drill machine in Wisconsin, USA. Temperature within Earth increases with depth. Highly viscous or partially molten rock at temperatures between 650 and 1,200 °C (1,200 and 2,200 °F) are found at the margins of tectonic plates, increasing the geothermal gradient in the vicinity, but only the outer core is postulated to exist in a molten or fluid ...
The temperature of the crust increases with depth, [2] reaching values typically in the range from about 700 °C (1,292 °F) to 1,600 °C (2,910 °F) at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C (54 °F) for every kilometer locally in the upper part of the crust. [3]
Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
The increase in temperature with increasing depth is known as the geothermal gradient and is gradual within the rheological boundary layer. In practice, the RBL is defined by the depth at which the viscosity of the mantle rocks drops below ~ 10 21 P a ⋅ s . {\displaystyle 10^{21}Pa\cdot s.} .
The maximum frost depth observed in the contiguous United States ranges from 0 to 8 feet (2.4 m). [1] Below that depth, the temperature varies, but is always above 0 °C (32 °F). Alternatively, in Arctic and Antarctic locations the freezing depth is so deep that it becomes year-round permafrost, and the term "thaw depth" is used
Global map of the flux of heat, in mW/m 2, from Earth's interior to the surface. [1] The largest values of heat flux coincide with mid-ocean ridges, and the smallest values of heat flux occur in stable continental interiors. Earth's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth.
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The red dotted-to-solid line depicts the average temperature profile with depth of soil in a permafrost region. The trumpet-shaped lines at the top show seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures in the "active layer", which commences at the depth where the maximum annual temperature intersects 0 °C. The active layer is seasonally frozen.