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Klebsiella aerogenes, [2] previously known as Enterobacter aerogenes, is a Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, citrate-positive, indole-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. [3] Capable of motility via peritrichous flagella, [ 4 ] it is approximately one to three microns in length.
Cefepime/enmetazobactam, sold under the brand name Exblifep, is a medication used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. [1] [2] It is a fixed dose combination containing cefepime, a cephalosporin antibacterial; and enmetazobactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor.
TMP/SMX is commonly used due to its ability to achieve high concentrations in urinary tract tissues and urine. This antibiotic combination demonstrates notable efficacy in both the treatment and prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections. [12] Common adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, rash,pruritus, and photosensitivity. [26]
[2] [8] [7] [14] [24] Larger and higher-quality clinical trials of methenamine for UTI prevention have started to be published in the 2020s and it may soon be recommended by more medical guidelines. [2] [14] [19] [25] [15] Methenamine has been found to be more cost-effective than low-dose prophylactic antibiotics for preventing UTIs. [26]
Klebsiella species are known to also infect a variety of other animals, both as normal flora and opportunistic pathogens. [4] Klebsiella organisms can lead to a wide range of disease states, notably pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, meningitis, diarrhea, peritonitis and soft tissue infections.
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have been defined as carbapenem-nonsusceptible and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae complex, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Klebsiella oxytoca. Some exclude ertapenem resistance from the definition. [5]
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. [1] Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder ( cystitis ) or urethra ( urethritis ) while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney ( pyelonephritis ). [ 10 ]
Uses of nitrofurantoin include the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and prophylaxis against UTIs in people prone to recurrent UTIs. [9] It is a first-line therapy for acute uncomplicated cystitis. [21] It is not recommended for empiric treatment of hospital-acquired UTIs. [21]
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