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A cubic yard (symbol yd 3) [1] is an Imperial / U.S. customary (non-SI non-metric) unit of volume, used in Canada and the United States. It is defined as the volume of a cube with sides of 1 yard (3 feet , 36 inches , 0.9144 meters ) in length .
Grade (slope) The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A larger number indicates higher or steeper ...
Grading (earthworks) Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden ...
In military engineering, earthworks are, more specifically, types of fortifications constructed from soil. Although soil is not very strong, it is cheap enough that huge quantities can be used, generating formidable structures. Examples of older earthwork fortifications include moats, sod walls, motte-and-bailey castles, and hill forts.
A mass haul diagram where land and rock cuts are hauled to fills Fill construction in 1909 Cut and fill software: view from above. In earthmoving, cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway, road or canal whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matches the amount of fill needed to make nearby embankments to minimize the amount of construction labor.
Soil texture. Soil texture is a classification instrument used both in the field and laboratory to determine soil classes based on their physical texture. Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as the hydrometer method based on Stokes' law.
The porosity is a measure of the total pore space in the soil. This is defined as a fraction of volume often given in percent. The amount of porosity in a soil depends on the minerals that make up the soil and on the amount of sorting occurring within the soil structure. For example, a sandy soil will have a larger porosity than a silty sand ...
A road being resurfaced using a road roller. Red surfacing for a bicycle lane in the Netherlands. Construction crew laying down asphalt over fiber-optic trench, in New York City. A road surface (British English) or pavement (North American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot ...