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Absolute zero. Zero kelvin (−273.15 °C) is defined as absolute zero. Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value. The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero ...
To obtain the absolute value of the entropy, we consider the third law of thermodynamics: perfect crystals at the absolute zero have an entropy =. From a macroscopic perspective, in classical thermodynamics the entropy is interpreted as a state function of a thermodynamic system : that is, a property depending only on the current state of the ...
Molecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size (mass) of the particles. Diffusion explains the net flux of molecules from a region of higher concentration to ...
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities ...
t. e. Molecular biology / məˈlɛkjʊlər / is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions. [1][2][3] Though cells and other microscopic structures had been observed in living organisms as early as the ...
Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910 American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of ...
Cells detect ATP using the purinergic receptor proteins P2X and P2Y. [40] ATP has been shown to be a critically important signalling molecule for microglia - neuron interactions in the adult brain, [41] as well as during brain development. [42] Furthermore, tissue-injury induced ATP-signalling is a major factor in rapid microglial phenotype ...
The large purple structure with an arrow represents a transmembrane potassium channel and the direction of net potassium movement. Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell.