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  2. Triangulation (surveying) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_(surveying)

    Triangulation of Kodiak Island in Alaska in 1929. In surveying, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring only angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline by using trigonometry, rather than measuring distances to the point directly as in trilateration.

  3. Height above mean sea level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level

    Height above mean sea level. Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level. In geodesy, it is formalized as orthometric height. The zero level varies in different countries due to different reference points and ...

  4. National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geodetic_Vertical...

    The National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 is the official name since 1973 [1] of the vertical datum established for vertical control surveying in the United States of America by the General Adjustment of 1929. Originally known as Sea Level Datum of 1929, NGVD 29 was determined and published by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey [2 ...

  5. North American Vertical Datum of 1988 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Vertical...

    Since NGVD 29 used a simple model of gravity based on latitude to calculate the geoid and did not take into account other variations, [citation needed] elevation difference between points in a local area in it and NAVD 88 will show negligible change from one datum to the other, even though the elevation of both does change between datums.

  6. Azimuth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth

    An azimuth (/ ˈæzəməθ / ⓘ; from Arabic: اَلسُّمُوت, romanized:as-sumūt, lit. 'the directions') [ 1 ] is the horizontal angle from a cardinal direction, most commonly north, in a local or observer-centric spherical coordinate system. Mathematically, the relative position vector from an observer (origin) to a point of interest ...

  7. Digital elevation model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_elevation_model

    A digital elevation model (DEM) or digital surface model (DSM) is a 3D computer graphics representation of elevation data to represent terrain or overlaying objects, commonly of a planet, moon, or asteroid. A "global DEM" refers to a discrete global grid. DEMs are used often in geographic information systems (GIS), and are the most common basis ...

  8. Orthometric height - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthometric_height

    The orthometric height (symbol H) is the vertical distance along the plumb line from a point of interest to a reference surface known as the geoid, the vertical datum that approximates mean sea level. [1][2] Orthometric height is one of the scientific formalizations of a layman's "height above sea level", along with other types of heights in ...

  9. Geopotential height - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopotential_height

    Geopotential is the gravitational potential energy per unit mass at elevation : where is the acceleration due to gravity, is latitude, and is the geometric elevation. [1] Geopotential height may be obtained from normalizing geopotential by the acceleration of gravity: where = 9.80665 m/s 2, the standard gravity at mean sea level. [4]

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