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A nautical chart or hydrographic chart is a graphic representation of a sea region or water body and adjacent coasts or banks. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water (bathymetry) and heights of land (topography), natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and ...
Portolan charts are nautical charts, first made in the 13th century in the Mediterranean basin and later expanded to include other regions. The word portolan comes from the Italian portolano, meaning "related to ports or harbors ", and which since at least the 17th century designates "a collection of sailing directions".
Nautical charts and textual descriptions known as sailing directions have been in use in one form or another since the sixth century BC. [14] Nautical charts using stereographic and orthographic projections date back to the second century BC. [14] In 1900, the Antikythera mechanism was recovered from Antikythera wreck. This mechanism was built ...
Rutter (nautical) A rutter is a mariner's handbook of written sailing directions. Before the advent of nautical charts, rutters were the primary store of geographic information for maritime navigation. It was known as a periplus ("sailing-around" book) in classical antiquity and a portolano ("port book") to medieval Italian sailors in the ...
Admiralty Chart of the coast of Peru, surveyed by Robert FitzRoy in 1836, engraved in 1840, and published with corrections to 1960. Charts were printed from copper plates. Plates were engraved, in reverse, with a burin. The plate was inked, and the excess ink wiped from the flat surface before printing, so that ink remained only in the engraved ...
Italian geographer Pietro Vesconte was a pioneer of the field of the portolan chart. His nautical charts are among the earliest to map the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions accurately. He also produced progressively more accurate depictions of the coastlines of northern Europe.
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