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Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences from premises to conclusions. Learn about the definition, types, rules, examples, and applications of deductive reasoning in logic, psychology, and philosophy.
Lewin's equation, B = f ( P , E ), is a formula proposed by psychologist Kurt Lewin to explain what determines behavior. It states that behavior is a function of the person and their environment, and considers the interaction, importance, and psychological reality of these factors.
Modus ponens is a deductive argument form and rule of inference that can be summarized as "P implies Q. P is true. Therefore, Q must also be true." Learn about its explanation, formal notation, justification, status, and correspondence to other mathematical frameworks.
Modus tollens is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference that takes the form of "If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P." It is an application of the general truth that if a statement is true, then so is its contrapositive. See examples, history, relation to modus ponens, and formal notation.
Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed.
An overview of the study of how people reason, solve problems and make decisions, and the theories and methods used to investigate it. Learn about everyday reasoning, mental models, probabilistic reasoning, development of reasoning, and more.
Abductive reasoning is a form of logical inference that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations. It was formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce and is used in various fields such as law, computer science, and artificial intelligence.
Learn about the logic and structure of analogical reasoning, a special type of inductive argument that uses similarities to infer further similarities. Find out how to analyse, evaluate, and criticise arguments from analogy, and avoid common fallacies such as false analogy and analogy blindness.