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  2. Weep (architecture) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weep_(architecture)

    A weep, a weep hole, or a weep-brick is a small opening that allows water to drain from within an assembly. Weeps are located at the bottom of the object to allow for drainage; the weep hole must be sized adequately to overcome surface tension. Weeps may also be necessary in a retaining wall, so water can escape from the retained earth, thus ...

  3. Cavity wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity_wall

    A cavity wall is composed of two masonry walls separated by an air space. The outer wall is made of brick and faces the outside of the building structure. [6] The inner wall may be constructed of masonry units such as concrete block, structural clay, brick or reinforced concrete. [6] These two walls are fastened together with metal ties or ...

  4. Retaining wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall

    A retaining wall is designed to hold in place a mass of earth or the like, such as the edge of a terrace or excavation. The structure is constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil. [1]

  5. Wing wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_wall

    Their top width is 0.5 m, face batter 1 in 12 and back batter 1 in 6, weep holes are provided.. Return wing walls: used where banks are high and hard or firm. Their top width is 1.5 m and face is vertical and back battered 1 in 4. [2] Scour can be a problem for wing walls and abutments both, as the water in the stream erodes the supporting soil ...

  6. Soil nailing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_nailing

    Soil nailing is a remedial construction measure to treat unstable natural soil slopes or unstable man-made (fill) slopes as a construction technique that allows the safe over-steepening of new or existing soil slopes. The technique involves the insertion of relatively slender reinforcing elements into the slope – often general purpose ...

  7. French drain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_drain

    In most homes, an external French drain or drain tile is installed around the foundation walls before the foundation soil is backfilled. It is laid on the bottom of the excavated area, and a layer of stone is laid on top. In many cases, a filter fabric is then laid on top of the stone to keep fine sediments and particles from entering.

  8. Drainage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage

    If the water pressure is not drained appropriately, retaining walls can bow, move, and fracture, causing seams to separate. The water pressure can also erode soil particles, leading to voids behind the wall and sinkholes in the above soil. Traditional retaining wall drainage systems can include French drains, drain pipes or weep holes. To ...

  9. Caisson (engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)

    Schematic cross section of a pressurized caisson. In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (/ ˈ k eɪ s ən,-s ɒ n /; borrowed from French caisson 'box', from Italian cassone 'large box', an augmentative of cassa) is a watertight retaining structure [1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, [2] or for the repair of ships.

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