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The 4n decay chain of 232 Th, commonly called the "thorium series" Thorium-232 has a half-life of 14 billion years and mainly decays by alpha decay to radium-228 with a decay energy of 4.0816 MeV. [3] The decay chain follows the thorium series, which terminates at stable lead-208. The intermediates in the thorium-232 decay chain are all ...
It was once named Radiothorium, due to its occurrence in the disintegration chain of thorium-232. It has a half-life of 1.9116 years. It undergoes alpha decay to 224 Ra. Occasionally it decays by the unusual route of cluster decay, emitting a nucleus of 20 O and producing stable 208 Pb. It is a daughter isotope of 232 U in the thorium decay series.
Natural thorium is usually almost pure 232 Th, which is the longest-lived and most stable isotope of thorium, having a half-life comparable to the age of the universe. [27] Its radioactive decay is the largest single contributor to the Earth's internal heat ; the other major contributors are the shorter-lived primordial radionuclides, which are ...
Thorium-232 has a half-life of 14.5 billion years, but thorium-230 has a half-life of only 75,200 [2] years, so the ratio is useful for dating sediments up to 400,000 years old. [1] Conversely, this technique can be used to determine the rate of ocean sedimentation over time.
The three long-lived nuclides are uranium-238 (half-life 4.5 billion years), uranium-235 (half-life 700 million years) and thorium-232 (half-life 14 billion years). The fourth chain has no such long-lasting bottleneck nuclide near the top, so almost all of the nuclides in that chain have long since decayed down to just before the end: bismuth-209.
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thorium-229: 7,340 232 americium-243: 7,370 233 curium-250: 8,300 260 ... Radioactive isotope table "lists ALL radioactive nuclei with a half-life greater than 1000 ...
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