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A typical evaporative, forced draft open-loop cooling tower rejecting heat from the condenser water loop of an industrial chiller unit Natural draft wet cooling hyperboloid towers at Didcot Power Station (UK) Forced draft wet cooling towers (height: 34 meters) and natural draft wet cooling tower (height: 122 meters) in Westphalia, Germany Natural draft wet cooling tower in Dresden (Germany)
The water, held under high pressure to keep it from boiling, produces steam by transferring heat to a secondary source of water. The steam is used to generate electricity. Cooling water from the river condenses the steam back into water. The river water is either discharged directly back to the river or cooled in the towers and reused in the plant.
: Heller-Forgó cooling towers of the Inota Power Plant across Route 8. - Inota quarter, Várpalota, Veszprém County, Hungary.}}Template:Hu{{hu|1=: Heller-Forgó féle hűtőtornyok a 8-as főúton át nézve, ipari műemlék helyi védelem alatt. - Veszprém megye, Várpalota, Inota városrész Template:Monument Hungary Template:Object location
The waste heat produces a temperature rise in the atmosphere, which is small compared to that produced by greenhouse-gas emissions from the same power plant. Natural draft wet cooling towers at many nuclear power plants and large fossil-fuel-fired power plants use large hyperboloid chimney-like structures (as seen in the image at the right ...
Cooling tower at the Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant, Germany. The essential service water system (ESWS) circulates the water that cools the plant's heat exchangers and other components before dissipating the heat into the environment.
The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from a cooling tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or once-through cooling (OTC) water from a river, lake or ocean. In the United States, about two-thirds of power plants use OTC systems, which often have significant adverse environmental impacts.
Westphalia Power Plant, Unit D cooling tower [17] Coal power station Germany: Hamm: 546 ft (166 m) 2009 Westphalia Power Plant, Unit E cooling tower [18] Coal power station Germany: Hamm: 546 ft (166 m) 2009 Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station [19] Nuclear power plant United States: Scriba, NY: 543 ft (166 m) 1988
The efficiency of a conventional steam–electric power plant, defined as energy produced by the plant divided by the heating value of the fuel consumed by it, is typically 33 to 48%, limited as all heat engines are by the laws of thermodynamics (See: Carnot cycle). The rest of the energy must leave the plant in the form of heat.
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