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Open channel applications include bank stabilization, flow and grade control, scour protection for bridge piers, and biostabilization.The primary mechanism of protection employed is an increase in the relative roughness of the channel bank (as characterized by the Manning's Roughness Coefficient); the Manning's n is relatively high at 0.1.
Riprap causes morphological changes in the riverbeds they surround. One such change is the reduction of sediment settlement in the river channel, which can lead to scouring of the river bed as well as coarser sediment particles.
Hudson's equation, also known as Hudson formula, is an equation used by coastal engineers to calculate the minimum size of riprap (armourstone) required to provide satisfactory stability characteristics for rubble structures such as breakwaters under attack from storm wave conditions.
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Bank stabilization is a common objective for stream-restoration projects, although bank erosion is generally viewed as favorable for the sustainability and diversity of aquatic and riparian habitats. [9] This technique may be employed where a stream reach is highly confined, or where infrastructure is threatened. [31]
Rip Raps is a small 15 acre (60,000 m 2) artificial island at the mouth of the harbor area known as Hampton Roads in the independent city of Hampton in southeastern Virginia in the United States. Its name is derived from the Rip Rap Shoals in Hampton Roads, which also gave their name to a 19th-century criminal gang.
Playlists on the watch page, which were formerly displayed as collapsible horizontal list fixed at the page bottom, became a scrollable vertical list next to the video player. [136] On December 21, 2012, the "Gangnam Style" music video by South Korean musician PSY became the first YouTube video to surpass one billion views. [137]
[1] [2] Since the second season, ERB music videos have been distributed through its own YouTube channel. As of December 2023, it is the 282nd most subscribed channel on YouTube with over 14.9 million subscribers and over 4 billion total views. [3] As of October 26, 2024, a total of 89 episodes have been released.