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In mathematics, particularly topology, an atlas is a concept used to describe a manifold. An atlas consists of individual charts that, roughly speaking, describe individual regions of the manifold. In general, the notion of atlas underlies the formal definition of a manifold and related structures such as vector bundles and other fiber bundles .
A three-dimensional model of a figure-eight knot.The figure-eight knot is a prime knot and has an Alexander–Briggs notation of 4 1.. Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling ...
In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance.More specifically, a topological space is a set whose elements are called points, along with an additional structure called a topology, which can be defined as a set of neighbourhoods for each point that satisfy some axioms ...
Topological geometry deals with incidence structures consisting of a point set and a family of subsets of called lines or circles etc. such that both and carry a topology and all geometric operations like joining points by a line or intersecting lines are continuous.
Animation detailing the embedding of the Pappus graph and associated map in the torus. In mathematics, topological graph theory is a branch of graph theory.It studies the embedding of graphs in surfaces, spatial embeddings of graphs, and graphs as topological spaces. [1]
In mathematics, more specifically in topology, an open map is a function between two topological spaces that maps open sets to open sets. [1] [2] [3] That is, a function : is open if for any open set in , the image is open in . Likewise, a closed map is a function that maps closed sets to closed sets.
In this definition the faces are the orbits of F = <r 0, r 1 >, edges are the orbits of E = <r 0, r 2 >, and vertices are the orbits of V = <r 1, r 2 >. More abstractly, the automorphism group of any regular map is the non-degenerate, homomorphic image of a <2,m,n>- triangle group .
The study of Top and of properties of topological spaces using the techniques of category theory is known as categorical topology. N.B. Some authors use the name Top for the categories with topological manifolds , with compactly generated spaces as objects and continuous maps as morphisms or with the category of compactly generated weak ...