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Claudius Rufinus Sophistes was a sophist of ancient Rome, of the Second Sophistic tradition. He lived in Smyrna in Asia Minor during the 2nd century. [1] In his earliest references, he is called simply "Rufinus", then, starting around 200 CE "Claudius Rufinus", and from about 208 onwards, "Claudius Rufinus Sophistes".
A sophist (Greek: σοφιστής, romanized: sophistēs) was a teacher in ancient Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE. Sophists specialized in one or more subject areas, such as philosophy, rhetoric, music, athletics and mathematics. They taught arete, "virtue" or "excellence", predominantly to young statesmen and nobility.
The name Antiphon the Sophist (/ ˈ æ n t ə ˌ f ɒ n,-ən /; Ancient Greek: Ἀντιφῶν) is used to refer to the writer of several Sophistic treatises. He probably lived in Athens in the last two decades of the 5th century BC, but almost nothing is known of his life.
This collection was first printed by Filippo Giunti in Florence, 1497. Zenobius is also said to have been the author of a Greek translation of the Latin prose author Sallust , which has been lost, and of a birthday poem on the emperor Hadrian.
Epiphanius of Petra (Ancient Greek: Ἐπιφάνιος ὁ Πετραῖος), also called Epiphanius of Syria, was an Arab sophist and rhetorician at Athens in the first half of the fourth century AD. He is described as coming from Petra in Arabia by the Suda, a ninth-century Byzantine encyclopaedia, but as coming from Syria by Eunapius.
The term is sometimes used for the chief or principal of any company, corporation, sect, opinion, etc. Thus, Eustathius of Antioch is called the coryphaeus of the First Council of Nicaea of 325 CE, and Cicero calls Zeno (c. 334 – c. 262 BCE) the coryphaeus of the Stoics. [citation needed]
"A Chalcedonian sophist, from the Chalcedon in Bithynia. He was the first to discover period and colon, and he introduced the modern kind of rhetoric. He was a pupil of the philosopher Plato and of the rhetor Isocrates. He wrote deliberative speeches; an Art of Rhetoric; paegnia; Rhetorical Resources."
A noted forensic orator, he is considered the instigator of the Second Sophistic in Asia Minor during the first century. He has been identified with Sacerdos ille Nicetes , 'that priest Nicetes' who taught Pliny the Younger and to whom Tacitus referred in his Dialogus de oratoribus XV, 3 .