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The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, [1] except at the articular surfaces (i.e. the parts within a joint space) of long bones. (At the joints of long bones the bone's outer surface is lined with "articular cartilage", a type of hyaline cartilage .)
The endosteum (pl.: endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition , resulting in less cortical thickness.
The periosteum is one source of precursor cells that develop into chondroblasts and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone. Other sources of precursor cells are the bone marrow (when present), endosteum , small blood vessels , and fibroblasts .
This newly formed bone can be called "periosteal bone" as it originates from the transformed periosteum. However, considering its developmental pathway, it could be classified as "intramembranous bone". [8] After the formation of the periosteum, chondrocytes in the primary center of ossification begin to grow (hypertrophy).
In the teeth, Sharpey's fibres are the terminal ends of principal fibres (of the periodontal ligament) that insert into the cementum and into the periosteum of the alveolar bone. [1] A study on rats suggests that the three-dimensional structure of Sharpey's fibres intensifies the continuity between the periodontal ligament fibre and the ...
Section of fetal bone of cat. ir. Irruption of the subperiosteal tissue. p. Fibrous layer of the periosteum. o. Layer of osteoblasts. im. Subperiosteal bony deposit. There are two types of ossification centers – primary and secondary. A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying.
Osteoblasts are found in large numbers in the periosteum, the thin connective tissue layer on the outside surface of bones, and in the endosteum. Normally, almost all of the bone matrix, in the air breathing vertebrates, is mineralized by the osteoblasts. Before the organic matrix is mineralized, it is called the osteoid.
Mucoperiosteum is a compound structure consisting of mucous membrane and underlying periosteum. It includes epithelium and lamina propria, but attaches directly to the periosteum of underlying bone without the usual submucosa. It consists of loose fatty or glandular tissues; with blood vessels & nerve fibres that supply the mucosa.