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Amenorrhea or amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age. [1] Physiological states of amenorrhoea are most commonly seen during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). [1] Amenorrhoea is a symptom with many potential causes. [2]
Menkes disease (MNK), also known as Menkes syndrome, [1] [2] is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes coding for the copper-transport protein ATP7A, [3] leading to copper deficiency. [4] [5] Characteristic findings include kinky hair, growth failure, and nervous system deterioration. Like all X-linked recessive conditions ...
In the United States, the age of onset of puberty in girls depends heavily on their racial background. Delayed puberty means the lack of breast development by age 12.8 years for White girls, and by age 12.4 years for Black girls. [7] [8] The lack of menstruation by age 15 in any ethnic background is considered delayed. [8]
POI can be seen as part of a continuum of changes leading to menopause [7] that differ from age-appropriate menopause in the age of onset, degree of symptoms, and sporadic return to normal ovarian function. [8] A contrasting problem can be when a girl never begins menstruation due to a genetic condition causing primary amenorrhea. [15]
Outside of the reproductive years there is absence of menses during childhood and after menopause. [8] Irregular menstruation is where there is variation in menstrual cycle length of more than approximately 8 days for a woman. The term metrorrhagia is often used for irregular menstruation that occurs between the expected menstrual periods. [9] [10]
The symptoms of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, a subtype of hypogonadism, include late, incomplete or lack of development at puberty, and sometimes short stature or the inability to smell; in females, a lack of breasts and menstrual periods, and in males a lack of sexual development, e.g., facial hair, penis and testes enlargement, deepening ...
Anovulation due to a low thyroid hormone level, high prolactin level, high insulin level, high androgen level and problems with other hormone can also cause scanty periods. Despite these common causes, hypomenorrhea is still technically an abnormality of the menstrual flow, and other underlying medical problems should be ruled out by a doctor.
Fewer than 10% of U.S. girls start to menstruate before 11 years of age, and 90% of all U.S. girls are menstruating by 13.8 years of age, with a median age of 12.4 years. This age at menarche is not much different (0.3 years earlier) than that reported for U.S. girls in 1973.