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A specially developed strain of barley, high in resistant starch. Resistant starch (RS) is starch, including its degradation products, that escapes from digestion in the small intestine of healthy individuals. [1] [2] Resistant starch occurs naturally in foods, but it can also be added as part of dried raw foods, or used as an additive in ...
Digestion-resistant maltodextrins were developed in the 1990s from studies of starch nutrition, leading to the definition of resistant starch. [15] This was accompanied by the detection of digestion-resistant components in food products and manufacturing methods.
Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (HDP) is a modified resistant starch. It is currently used as a food additive ( INS number 1442). [ 1 ] It is approved for use in the European Union (listed as E1442), [ 2 ] the United States, Australia, Taiwan, and New Zealand.
Depending upon the degree of modification, phosphated distarch phosphate starch can contain 70%-85% type RS4 resistant starch and can replace high glycemic flour in functional bread and other baked goods. [2] [3] Replacing flour with chemically modified resistant starch increases the dietary fiber and lowers the calorie content of foods.
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Isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) is a mixture of short-chain carbohydrates which has a digestion-resistant property. IMO is found naturally in some foods, as well as being manufactured commercially. The raw material used for manufacturing IMO is starch, which is enzymatically converted into a mixture of isomaltooligosaccharides.
The resistant starch consumption from countries with high starch intakes has been estimated to be 30-40 grams/day. [31] In contrast, the average consumption of resistant starch in the United States was estimated to be 4.9 grams/day (range 2.8-7.9 grams of resistant starch/day). [32]
Dietary fiber is defined to be plant components that are not broken down by human digestive enzymes. [1] In the late 20th century, only lignin and some polysaccharides were known to satisfy this definition, but in the early 21st century, resistant starch and oligosaccharides were included as dietary fiber components.