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Political map of Europe, showing south at the top. Research suggests that north-south positions on maps have psychological consequences. In general, north is associated with richer people, more expensive real estate, and higher altitude, while south is associated with poorer people, cheaper prices, and lower altitude (the "north-south bias").
When making a conic map, the map maker arbitrarily picks two standard parallels. Those standard parallels may be visualized as secant lines where the cone intersects the globe—or, if the map maker chooses the same parallel twice, as the tangent line where the cone is tangent to the globe. The resulting conic map has low distortion in scale ...
Projects the globe onto eight octants (Reuleaux triangles) with no meridians and no parallels. 1909 Cahill's butterfly map: Polyhedral Compromise Bernard Joseph Stanislaus Cahill: Projects the globe onto an octahedron with symmetrical components and contiguous landmasses that may be displayed in various arrangements. 1975 Cahill–Keyes projection
Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (inertial space); the components of this motion are precession and nutation. It also moves with respect to Earth's crust; this is called polar motion. Precession is a rotation of Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies.
The projection found on these maps, dating to 1511, was stated by John Snyder in 1987 to be the same projection as Mercator's. [6] However, given the geometry of a sundial, these maps may well have been based on the similar central cylindrical projection, a limiting case of the gnomonic projection, which is the basis for a sundial. Snyder ...
The x-axis is permanently fixed in a direction relative to the celestial sphere, which does not rotate as Earth does. The z-axis lies at a 90° angle to the equatorial plane and extends through the North Pole. Due to forces that the Sun and Moon exert, Earth's equatorial plane moves with respect to the celestial sphere.
In each zone the scale factor of the central meridian reduces the diameter of the transverse cylinder to produce a secant projection with two standard lines, or lines of true scale, about 180 km on each side of, and about parallel to, the central meridian (Arc cos 0.9996 = 1.62° at the Equator). The scale is less than 1 inside the standard ...
The Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system (acronym ECEF), also known as the geocentric coordinate system, is a cartesian spatial reference system that represents locations in the vicinity of the Earth (including its surface, interior, atmosphere, and surrounding outer space) as X, Y, and Z measurements from its center of mass.