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2. Antenna types - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_types

   Paradoxically, every antenna of any type, shorter than ~ ⁠ 1 / 10 ⁠ wave in its longest dimension is approximately isotropic, but no real antenna can ever be exactly isotropic. An antenna that is exactly isotropic is only a mathematical model, used as the base of comparison to calculate either the directivity or gain of real antennas.

3. Omnidirectional antenna - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna

   Omnidirectional radiation patterns are produced by the simplest practical antennas, monopole and dipole antennas, consisting of one or two straight rod conductors on a common axis. Antenna gain (G) is defined as antenna efficiency (e) multiplied by antenna directivity (D) which is expressed mathematically as: =.

4. Isotropic radiator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic_radiator

   In antenna theory, an isotropic antenna is a hypothetical antenna radiating the same intensity of radio waves in all directions. [1] It thus is said to have a directivity of 0 dBi (dB relative to isotropic) in all directions. Since it is entirely non-directional, it serves as a hypothetical worst-case against which directional antennas may be ...

5. Directivity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directivity

   The directivity is defined as the ratio of the maximum signal strength S radiated by the antenna to the signal strength S iso radiated by the isotropic antenna = Since the directional antenna radiates most of its power into a small solid angle around the z-axis its maximum signal strength is much larger than the isotropic antenna which spreads ...

6. Radiation pattern - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pattern

   These axially symmetric antennas have radiation patterns with a similar symmetry, called omnidirectional patterns; they radiate equal power in all directions perpendicular to the antenna, with the power varying only with the angle to the axis, dropping off to zero on the antenna's axis. This illustrates the general principle that if the shape ...

7. Effective radiated power - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power

   Effective isotropic radiated power is the hypothetical power that would have to be radiated by an isotropic antenna to give the same ("equivalent") signal strength as the actual source antenna in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam. The difference between EIRP and ERP is that ERP compares the actual antenna to a half-wave dipole ...

8. Antenna (radio) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)

   The antenna gain, or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity (power per unit surface area) radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output, at an arbitrary distance, divided by the intensity radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna which radiates equal power in all directions.

9. Antenna measurement - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_measurement

   Antenna directivity is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in the maximum direction divided by the intensity radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna radiating the same total power as that antenna. For example, a hypothetical antenna which had a radiated pattern of a hemisphere (1/2 ...