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The first modern theoretical models for soil consolidation were proposed in the 1920s by Terzaghi and Fillunger, according to two substantially different approaches. [1] The former was based on diffusion equations in eulerian notation, whereas the latter considered the local Newton’s law for both liquid and solid phases, in which main variables, such as partial pressure, porosity, local ...
If the soil particles in a sample are predominantly in a relatively narrow range of sizes, the sample is uniformly graded. If a soil sample has distinct gaps in the gradation curve, e.g., a mixture of gravel and fine sand, with no coarse sand, the sample may be gap graded. Uniformly graded and gap graded soils are both considered to be poorly ...
The latter becomes soil under the influence of a series of soil-forming factors—climate, vegetation, country, relief and age. According to him, soil should be called the "daily" or outward horizons of rocks regardless of the type; they are changed naturally by the common effect of water, air and various kinds of living and dead organisms. [2]
In geology, consolidation is used in several senses: Lithification, the overall process of conversion of loose sediments to solid rock. [1] [2] Any other process in which loose or fluid material becomes solid rock, such as solidification of magma. [1]
Terzaghi's principle applies well to porous materials whose solid constituents are incompressible - soil, for example, is composed of grains of incompressible silica so that the volume change in soil during consolidation is due solely to the rearrangement of these constituents with respect to one another.
In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains. When stress is applied that causes densification due to water (or other liquid) being displaced from between the soil grains, then consolidation , not compaction, has ...
where is the equivalent stress, is the pressure, is the pre-consolidation pressure, and is the slope of the critical state line in space. The pre-consolidation pressure evolves as the void ratio ( e {\displaystyle e} ) (and therefore the specific volume v {\displaystyle v} ) of the soil changes.
The consolidation curve for a saturated clay showing the procedure for finding the preconsolidation pressure. Using a consolidation curve:(Casagrande 1936) [6] Choose by eye the point of maximum curvature on the consolidation curve. Draw a horizontal line from this point. Draw a line tangent to the curve at the point found in part 1.