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Alkalosis is the result of a process reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia).In contrast to acidemia (serum pH 7.35 or lower), alkalemia occurs when the serum pH is higher than normal (7.45 or higher).
Elevated alkaline phosphatase occurs when levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) exceed the reference range. This group of enzymes has a low substrate specificity and catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters in a basic environment. The major function of alkaline phosphatase is transporting chemicals across cell membranes. [1]
Metabolic alkalosis is an acid-base disorder in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate (HCO − 3), or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations.
Milk-alkali syndrome (MAS), also referred to as calcium-alkali syndrome, is the third most common cause of elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia). [2] [3] Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, and acute kidney injury.
Potassium (K) 3.5, [5] [14] 3.6 [15] 5.0, [5] [14] [15] 5.1: mmol/L or mEq/L [14] See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia: 14 [17] 20 [17] mg/dL Chloride (Cl) 95, [14] 98, [18] 100 [5] 105, [14] 106, [18] 110 [5] mmol/L or mEq/L [14] See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia: 340 [19] 370 [19] mg/dL Ionized calcium (Ca) 1.03, [20] 1.10 [5] 1.23, [20] 1.30 [5 ...
The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP, alkaline phenyl phosphatase) is a phosphatase with the physiological role of dephosphorylating compounds. The enzyme is found across a multitude of organisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike, with the same general function, but in different structural forms suitable to the environment they function in. Alkaline phosphatase is found in the periplasmic ...
The term calcium phosphate refers to a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca 2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions. Some so-called calcium phosphates contain oxide and hydroxide as well. Calcium phosphates are white solids of nutritional value [2] and are found in many living organisms, e.g., bone mineral and tooth ...
In any muscle cell, increased intracellular calcium causes contraction. In smooth muscle cells the elevated levels of intracellular calcium cause the opening of BK channels which in turn allow potassium ions to flow out of the cell. This causes further hyperpolarization and closing of voltage gated calcium channels, relaxation can then occur.