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Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), also known as plastid DNA (ptDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid , contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus .
Some transferred chloroplast DNA protein products get directed to the secretory pathway, [88] though many secondary plastids are bounded by an outermost membrane derived from the host's cell membrane, and therefore topologically outside of the cell because to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, the cell membrane must be crossed, which ...
Photosynthetic reaction centre proteins are main protein components of photosynthetic reaction centres (RCs) of bacteria and plants. They are transmembrane proteins embedded in the chloroplast thylakoid or bacterial cell membrane. Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria have one type of PRC for each of its two photosystems.
A transplastomic plant is a genetically modified plant in which genes are inactivated, modified or new foreign genes are inserted into the DNA of plastids like the chloroplast instead of nuclear DNA. Currently, the majority of transplastomic plants are a result of chloroplast manipulation due to poor expression in other plastids. [1]
Like mtDNA, cpDNA is not fully autonomous and relies upon nuclear gene products for replication and production of chloroplast proteins. Chloroplasts contain multiple copies of cpDNA and the number can vary not only from species to species or cell type to cell type, but also within a single cell depending upon the age and stage of development of ...
Chloroplast genomes in photosynthetic organisms are normally 120–200 kb [30] encoding 20–200 proteins [25] and mitochondrial genomes in humans are approximately 16 kb and encode 37 genes, 13 of which are proteins. [31]
DNA repair proteins are encoded by the cell's nuclear genome and then translocated to plastids where they maintain genome stability/ integrity by repairing the plastid's DNA. [23] For example, in chloroplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens , a protein employed in DNA mismatch repair (Msh1) interacts with proteins employed in recombinational ...
A diagram of a chloroplast. The TIC and TOC complexes are located on different sides of the chloroplast membrane.. The TIC and TOC complexes are translocons located in the chloroplast of a eukaryotic cell, that is, protein complexes that facilitate the transfer of proteins in and out through the chloroplast's membrane.