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The Spanish Craze: America's Fascination with the Hispanic World, 1779–1939 (U of Nebraska Press, 2019). French, Gregg. " 'The Spanish Element in Our Nationality': Spain and America at the World’s Fairs and Centennial Celebrations, 1876–1915." (2021): 119–121. online; Lozano, Rosina. "The Early Political History of Spanish in the United ...
New Spain was the first of the viceroyalties that Spain created, the second being Peru in 1542, following the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. Both New Spain and Peru had dense indigenous populations at conquest as a source of labor and material wealth in the form of vast silver deposits, discovered and exploited beginning in the mid-1500s.
In Spanish America, José del Campillo y Cosío's Nuevo Sistema de gobierno económico para la América (New System of Economic Government for America) (1743) [11] was a key text that shaped the reforms. He compared the colonial systems of Britain and France to that of Spain, as the first two nations reaped far greater benefits from their ...
The evangelization of Mexico. Spanish conquerors saw it as their right and their duty to convert indigenous populations to Catholicism. Because Catholicism had played such an important role in the Reconquista (Catholic reconquest) of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims, the Catholic Church in essence became another arm of the Spanish government, since the crown was granted sweeping powers ...
Map of Spanish America c. 1800, showing the four viceroyalties (New Spain, pink), (New Granada, green), (Peru, orange), (Río de la Plata, blue) and provincial divisions During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento , which was between the ...
In response to the new independence of Spanish colonies in Latin America in 1821, the United States, in implicit cooperation with Great Britain, established the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. [16] This policy declared opposition to European interference in the Americas and left a lasting imprint on the psyche of later American leaders. The failure of ...
Gardoqui, however, arrived in New York in June 1785 and Spanish-American treaty negotiations began soon after. [7] A year's worth of diplomacy resulted in the ambassadors signing an agreement that ignored the problem of the Mississippi in exchange for commercial advantages benefiting the Northeast (the Jay–Gardoqui Treaty).
At the end of the wars of independence (1808–1825), many new sovereign states emerged in the Americas from the former Spanish colonies.The South American independence leader Simón Bolívar envisioned various unions that would ensure the independence of Spanish America vis-à-vis the European powers—in particular the United Kingdom—and the expanding United States.