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From 1996 to 1998, Texas did not practice affirmative action in public college admissions, and minority enrollment dropped. The state's adoption of the "top 10 percent" rule has helped return minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels. [148] Race-conscious admissions continue to be practiced in Texas following Fisher v. University of Texas.
Affirmative action in New Zealand is most often done indirecttly by encouraging those in groups favored by affirmative action to get jobs in sectors they are underrepresented in. [138] Diversity Awards NZ is an organization in New Zealand whose goal is to " celebrate excellence in workplace diversity, equity and inclusion."
Executive Order 11246, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, was an executive order of the Article II branch of the United States federal government, in place from 1965 to 2025, specifying non-discriminatory practices and affirmative action in federal government hiring and employment.
James defined what affirmative action is in its most basic form. "(It) is a policy that encourages state institutions to take affirmative action to make sure their processes are fair," she explains.
Thomas, a long-term critic of affirmative action, wrote his own 58-page opinion in which he called the programs in question "rudderless, race-based preferences designed to ensure a particular ...
Check out CNN’s Affirmative Action Fast Facts for some background information about affirmative action as well as a few notable Supreme Court court cases.
The legal term "affirmative action" was first used in "Executive Order No. 10925", [25] signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated [fairly] during employment, without regard to their race ...
Executive Order 10925, signed by President John F. Kennedy on March 6, 1961, required government contractors, except in special circumstances, to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin".