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Therefore, God is just the sum of all the substances of the universe. God is the only substance in the universe, and everything is a part of God. This view was described by Charles Hartshorne as Classical Pantheism. [145] Spinoza argues that "things could not have been produced by God in any other way or in any other order than is the case". [146]
Spinoza denies each point. According to Spinoza, God is the natural world. Spinoza concludes that God is the substance comprising the universe; that God exists in itself, not outside of the universe; and that the universe exists as it does from necessity, not because of a divine theological reason or will. Spinoza argues through propositions.
Spinoza held the monist view that the two are the same, and monism is a fundamental part of his philosophy. He was described as a "God-intoxicated man," and used the word God to describe the unity of all substance. [35]
From these perspectives, God is seen as the aggregate of all unified natural phenomena. [4] The phrase has often been associated with the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza, [5] although academics differ on how it is used. Natural pantheists believe that God is the entirety of the universe and that God speaks through the scientific process.
Jacobi claimed that Spinoza's doctrine was pure materialism, because all Nature and God are said to be nothing but extended substance. This, for Jacobi, was the result of Enlightenment rationalism and it would finally end in absolute atheism. Mendelssohn disagreed with Jacobi, saying that there is no actual difference between theism and pantheism.
Spinoza held that the two are the same, and this monism is a fundamental quality of his philosophy. He was described as a "God-intoxicated man," and used the word God to describe the unity of all substance. [37] Although the term pantheism was not coined until after his death, Spinoza is regarded as its most celebrated advocate. [38]
According to German philosopher Karl Jaspers, when Spinoza wrote "Deus sive Natura" (God or Nature) Spinoza did not mean to say that God and Nature are interchangeable terms, but rather that God's transcendence was attested by his infinitely many attributes, and that two attributes known by humans, namely Thought and Extension, signified God's ...
Spinoza's pantheistic focus on the universe as it already existed, was unlike Eriugena's. It did not address the possible creation of the universe from the substance of God, as Spinoza rejected the very possibility of changes in the form of matter required as a premise for such a belief.
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