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  2. Current loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_loop

    A major application of current loops is the industry de facto standard 420 mA current loop for process control applications, where they are extensively used to carry signals from process instrumentation to proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and programmable logic ...

  3. Shockley diode equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockley_diode_equation

    The logarithmic scale used for the bottom plot is useful for expressing the equation's exponential relationship. The Shockley diode equation , or the diode law , named after transistor co-inventor William Shockley of Bell Labs , models the exponential current–voltage (I–V) relationship of semiconductor diodes in moderate constant current ...

  4. Diode modelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_modelling

    The scale current is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the diode. Continuing with the symbols: V T {\displaystyle V_{\text{T}}} is the thermal voltage ( k T / q {\displaystyle kT/q} , about 26 mV at normal temperatures), and n {\displaystyle n} is known as the diode ideality factor (for silicon diodes n {\displaystyle n} is ...

  5. Conversion of scales of temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_scales_of...

    This is a collection of temperature conversion formulas and comparisons among eight different temperature scales, several of which have long been obsolete.. Temperatures on scales that either do not share a numeric zero or are nonlinearly related cannot correctly be mathematically equated (related using the symbol =), and thus temperatures on different scales are more correctly described as ...

  6. Binary angular measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_angular_measurement

    Signed binary angle measurement. Black is traditional degrees representation, green is a BAM as a decimal number and red is hexadecimal 32-bit BAM. In this figure the 32-bit binary integers are interpreted as signed binary fixed-point values with scaling factor 2 −31, representing fractions between −1.0 (inclusive) and +1.0 (exclusive).

  7. Multiple-scale analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-scale_analysis

    As an example for the method of multiple-scale analysis, consider the undamped and unforced Duffing equation: [1] + + =, =, =, which is a second-order ordinary differential equation describing a nonlinear oscillator.

  8. Mill scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_scale

    Mill scale, often shortened to just scale, is the flaky surface of hot rolled steel, consisting of the mixed iron oxides iron(II) oxide (FeO, wüstite), iron(III) oxide (Fe 2 O 3, hematite), and iron(II,III) oxide (Fe 3 O 4, magnetite). Mill scale is formed on the outer surfaces of plates, sheets or profiles when they are produced by passing ...

  9. Lattice Boltzmann methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_Boltzmann_methods

    For example, D3Q15 is a 3-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model on a cubic grid, with rest particles present. Each node has a crystal shape and can deliver particles to 15 nodes: each of the 6 neighboring nodes that share a surface, the 8 neighboring nodes sharing a corner, and itself. [ 7 ] (