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A major application of current loops is the industry de facto standard 4–20 mA current loop for process control applications, where they are extensively used to carry signals from process instrumentation to proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and programmable logic ...
This is a collection of temperature conversion formulas and comparisons among eight different temperature scales, several of which have long been obsolete.. Temperatures on scales that either do not share a numeric zero or are nonlinearly related cannot correctly be mathematically equated (related using the symbol =), and thus temperatures on different scales are more correctly described as ...
The scale current is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the diode. Continuing with the symbols: V T {\displaystyle V_{\text{T}}} is the thermal voltage ( k T / q {\displaystyle kT/q} , about 26 mV at normal temperatures), and n {\displaystyle n} is known as the diode ideality factor (for silicon diodes n {\displaystyle n} is ...
It is therefore common that a scaling factor is used to store real world values that may be larger than the maximum value of the fixed-point format. As an example, when using an unsigned 8-bit fixed-point format (which has 4 integer bits and 4 fractional bits), the highest representable integer value is 15, and the highest representable mixed ...
The number can also be interpreted as a fraction of a full turn between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive) represented in binary fixed-point format with a scaling factor of 1/2 n. Multiplying that fraction by 360° or 2π gives the angle in degrees in the range 0 to 360, or in radians , in the range 0 to 2π, respectively.
Apple iWork Numbers, included with Apple's iWork '08 suite exclusively for Mac OS X v10.4 or higher. AppleWorks – for MS Windows and Macintosh. This is a further development of the historical Claris Works Office suite. WordPerfect Office Quattro Pro – for MS Windows. Was one of the big three spreadsheets (the others being Lotus 123 and Excel).
Commodity IndexSM 2.06 4.45 4.45 16.83 28.49 -5.20 2.57 7.07 6.24 Data calculated as of March 31, 2011. Index performance data prior to initial calculation dates are based on back-testing. Initial calculation dates for the indexes listed are as follows: Dow Jones-UBS Commodity IndexSM: 7/14/1998. *Inception date: December 31, 1990.
A scale factor of 1 is normally allowed, so that congruent shapes are also classed as similar. Uniform scaling happens, for example, when enlarging or reducing a photograph, or when creating a scale model of a building, car, airplane, etc. More general is scaling with a separate scale factor for each axis direction.