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Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone .
The thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, or adrenal glands, and the pancreas are parts of the endocrine system, and, therefore are associated with the endocrine bone disease. [2] Some common endocrine disorders are hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Paget's disease , [ 1 ] Osteoporosis, and diabetes. [ 3 ]
Each disorder is also categorized by its acceptance as an autoimmune condition into four levels: confirmed, probable, possible, and uncertain. This classification is based on the current scientific consensus and reflects the level of evidence supporting the autoimmune nature of the disorder.
It causes the dysfunction of multiple endocrine glands due to autoimmunity. It is a genetic disorder, inherited in autosomal recessive fashion due to a defect in the AIRE gene (autoimmune regulator), which is located on chromosome 21 and normally confers immune tolerance. [1] [2] [3]
Generally, diseases outlined within the ICD-10 codes E00-E35 within Chapter IV: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases should be included in this category. Subcategories This category has the following 12 subcategories, out of 12 total.
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland.The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones [1] that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ.
[7] [8] Furthermore, the human leukocyte antigen involved in this condition are HLA-DQ2(DR3 (DQB*0201)) and HLA-DQ8(DR4 (DQB1*0302)), [9] genetically speaking, which indicates this is a multifactorial disorder, as well. [1] [10] Should any affected organs show chronic inflammatory infiltrate (lymphocytes), this would be an indication.
The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology. The thyroid secretes thyroxine , the pituitary secretes growth hormone , the pineal secretes melatonin , the testis secretes testosterone , and the ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone .