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Ground-glass opacity (GGO) is a finding seen on chest x-ray (radiograph) or computed tomography (CT) imaging of the lungs. It is typically defined as an area of hazy opacification (x-ray) or increased attenuation (CT) due to air displacement by fluid, airway collapse, fibrosis, or a neoplastic process. [1]
Bat wing appearance is a radiologic sign referring to bilateral perihilar lung shadowing seen in frontal chest X-ray and in chest CT. [1] [2] The most common reason for bat wing appearance is the accumulation of oedema fluid in the lungs. [3] The batwing sign is symmetrical, usually showing ground glass appearance and spares the lung cortices. [4]
Findings that are common in CT scans of people with berylliosis include parenchymal nodules in early stages. One study found that ground-glass opacities were more commonly seen on CT scan in berylliosis than in sarcoidosis. In later stages hilar lymphadenopathy, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and pleural thickening. [20]
Clinical tests include chest radiography or (HRCT) which may show centrilobular nodular and ground-glass opacities with air-trapping in the middle and upper lobes of the lungs. Fibrosis may also be evident. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) findings coinciding with pneumonitis typically include a lymphocytosis with a low CD4:CD8 ratio. [7] [13]
The diagnosis is made by the clinical picture and the chest X-ray, which demonstrates decreased lung volumes (bell-shaped chest), absence of the thymus (after about six hours), a small (0.5–1 mm), discrete, uniform infiltrate (sometimes described as a "ground glass" appearance or "diffuse airspace and interstitial opacities") that involves ...
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Ground glass opacity: No routine follow-up: CT after 6–12 months to check if persistent, then after 2 years and then another 2 years Part solid No routine follow-up: CT after 6–12 months: If unchanged and solid component remains <6mm: Annual CT for 5 years. Solid component ≥6mm: highly suspicious; Multiple nodules CT after 3–6 months.
Ilegal miners can travel up to 4 kilometers underground and spend months below ground in old mines, according to a report by South Africa’s Minerals Commission. But without supplies, conditions ...