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A nuclide is a species of an atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, for example, carbon-13 with 6 protons and 7 neutrons. The nuclide concept (referring to individual nuclear species) emphasizes nuclear properties over chemical properties, whereas the isotope concept (grouping all atoms of each element) emphasizes chemical over nuclear.
Most of the isotopes with atomic mass numbers below 14 decay to isotopes of carbon, while most of the isotopes with masses above 15 decay to isotopes of oxygen. The shortest-lived known isotope is nitrogen-10, with a half-life of 143(36) yoctoseconds, though the half-life of nitrogen-9 has not been measured exactly.
The isotope pattern of the output metabolite is determined. The output isotope pattern provides valuable information, which can be used to find the magnitude of flux, rate of conversion from reactants to products, through each reaction. [8] The figure demonstrates the ability to use different labels to determine the flux through a certain reaction.
Chlorine (17 Cl) has 25 isotopes, ranging from 28 Cl to 52 Cl, and two isomers, 34m Cl and 38m Cl. There are two stable isotopes, 35 Cl (75.8%) and 37 Cl (24.2%), giving chlorine a standard atomic weight of 35.45. The longest-lived radioactive isotope is 36 Cl, which has a half-life of 301,000 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 ...
Isotopes of an element are distinguished by mass number (total protons and neutrons), with this number combined with the element's symbol. IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example 12 C and 235 U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used.
The different isotope ratios for the two kinds of plants propagate through the food chain, thus it is possible to determine if the principal diet of a human or an animal consists primarily of C 3 plants (rice, wheat, soybeans, potatoes) or C 4 plants (corn, or corn-fed beef) by isotope analysis of their flesh and bone collagen (however, to ...
For other isotopes, the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. For example, 35 Cl (17 protons and 18 neutrons) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885. [ 7 ] The difference of the actual isotopic mass minus the mass number of an atom is known as the mass excess , [ 8 ] which for 35 Cl is –0.03115.
Isotopes are named and identified as [element]-[mass number] with regular lowercase and hyphen (carbon-13), or by equivalent symbol format 13 C (in wikicode: <sup>13</sup>C). Avoid 13C, C-13, C 13 (and avoid like single character U+2074 ⁴ SUPERSCRIPT FOUR, as used in Wikidata). Metastable states are noted by format tantalum-180m1, 180m1 Ta.