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Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline and sold under the brand name Levophed among others, is a medication used to treat people with very low blood pressure. [2] It is the typical medication used in sepsis if low blood pressure does not improve following intravenous fluids . [ 3 ]
Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine. [4] Its structure differs from that of epinephrine only in that epinephrine has a methyl group attached to its nitrogen, whereas the methyl group is replaced by a hydrogen atom in norepinephrine. [4]
Norepinephrine is synthesized by the body from the amino acid tyrosine, [3] and is used in the synthesis of epinephrine, which is a stimulating neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. [4] All sympathomimetic amines fall into the larger group of stimulants (see psychoactive drug chart).
The vast majority of decongestants act via enhancing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) or adrenergic activity by stimulating the α1-adrenergic receptor since they mediate vasoconstriction and constricting nasal vasculature causes decongestion of nasal mucosa.
Compared to dextroamphetamine, pseudoephedrine is about 30 to 35 times less potent as a norepinephrine releasing agent and 80 to 350 times less potent as a dopamine releasing agent in vitro. [24] [80] [81] Pseudoephedrine is a very weak reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in vitro, including both MAO-A and MAO-B (K i = 1,000–5,800 ...
This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 23:42 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply.
Droxidopa is a prodrug of norepinephrine used to increase the concentrations of these neurotransmitters in the body and brain. [4] It is metabolized by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC).
In addition to its norepinephrine-releasing activity, levmetamfetamine is also an agonist of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Levmetamfetamine has also been found to act as a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE), notably at much lower concentrations than its catecholamine releasing activity.