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Anusvara (Sanskrit: अनुस्वार, IAST: anusvāra), also known as Bindu (Hindi: बिंदु), is a symbol used in many Indic scripts to mark a type of nasal sound, typically transliterated ṃ or ṁ in standards like ISO 15919 and IAST. Depending on its location in the word and the language for which it is used, its exact ...
The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) ... anusvara: ः ḥ Ḥ visarga: ँ m̐ M̐ chandrabindu [4] ऽ ' avagraha: Consonants velars palatals
Since /-s/ is a common inflectional suffix (of nominative singular, second person singular, etc.), visarga appears frequently in Sanskrit texts. In the traditional order of Sanskrit sounds, visarga and anusvāra appear between vowels and stop consonants. The precise pronunciation of visarga in Vedic texts may vary between Śākhās.
As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN [5] transliterate anusvara as ṁ, while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in the table below.
The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a subset of the ISO 15919 standard, used for the transliteration of Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pāḷi into Roman script with diacritics. IAST is a widely used standard. It uses diacritics to disambiguate phonetically similar but not identical Sanskrit glyphs. For example, dental and ...
Sanskrit text encoded in the Harvard-Kyoto convention can be unambiguously converted to Devanāgarī, with two exceptions: Harvard-Kyoto does not distinguish अइ (a followed by i, in separate syllables, i.e. in hiatus) from ऐ (the diphthong ai) or अउ (a followed by u) from औ (the diphthong au). However such a vowel hiatus would occur ...
Chandrabindu (IAST: candrabindu, lit. ' moon dot ' in Sanskrit) is a diacritic sign with the form of a dot inside the lower half of a circle. It is used in the Devanagari (ँ), Bengali-Assamese (ঁ), Gujarati (ઁ), Odia (ଁ), Tamil ( 𑌁 Extension used from Grantha), Telugu (ఁ), Kannada ( ಁ), Malayalam ( ഁ), Sinhala ( ඁ), Javanese ( ꦀ) and other scripts.
Sanskrit also includes the syllabic consonants ṛ and ḷ, which are treated as vowels and may be short or long. Sanskrit transcription also requires two additional diacritics, the anusvara 𑪖 , which indicates that a vowel is nasalised, and the visarga 𑪗 , which indicates post-vocalic aspiration. [4] 𑩐𑩙