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These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than ten percent weatherable minerals , and low cation exchange capacity . Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron (III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides .
In 1977 the rebel group Free Papua Movement attacked the mine. The group dynamited the main slurry pipe, which caused tens of millions of dollars in damage, and attacked the mine facilities. The Indonesian military reacted harshly, killing at least 800 people. [16] By the mid-1980s, the original mine had been largely depleted.
USDA soil taxonomy (ST) developed by the United States Department of Agriculture and the National Cooperative Soil Survey provides an elaborate classification of soil types according to several parameters (most commonly their properties) and in several levels: Order, Suborder, Great Group, Subgroup, Family, and Series.
It is of use in distinguishing boundaries of horizons within a soil profile, [110] determining the origin of a soil's parent material, [111] as an indication of wetness and waterlogged conditions, [112] and as a qualitative means of measuring organic, [113] iron oxide [114] and clay contents of soils. [111]
In addition, water alters the soil profile by dissolving and re-depositing mineral and organic solutes and colloids, often at lower levels, a process called leaching. In a loam soil , solids constitute half the volume, gas one-quarter of the volume, and water one-quarter of the volume of which only half will be available to most plants, with a ...
The AASHTO Soil Classification System was developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and is used as a guide for the classification of soils and soil-aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes.
In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available free , before or after a paper is published in a journal.
The Proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density.