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The substantia nigra is located in the ventral midbrain of each hemisphere. It has two distinct parts, the pars compacta (SNc) and the pars reticulata (SNr). The pars compacta contains dopaminergic neurons from the A9 cell group that forms the nigrostriatal pathway that, by supplying dopamine to the striatum, relays information to the basal ganglia.
The substantia nigra is an important player in brain function, in particular, in eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction. Many of the substantia nigra's effects are mediated through the striatum.
The striatum (pl.: striata) or corpus striatum [5] is a cluster of interconnected nuclei that make up the largest structure of the subcortical basal ganglia. [6] The striatum is a critical component of the motor and reward systems; receives glutamatergic and dopaminergic inputs from different sources; and serves as the primary input to the rest of the basal ganglia.
The nigrostriatal pathway transmits dopaminergic neurons from the zona compacta of the substantia nigra [8] to the caudate nucleus and putamen. The substantia nigra is located in the midbrain, while both the caudate nucleus and putamen are located in the dorsal striatum. motor function; reward-related cognition; associative learning; addiction ...
During the development of the mammalian brain, both substantia nigra (SN) and VTA neurons initially project to the dorsolateral and ventromedial striatum. However, at birth the SN dopaminergic neurons project exclusively into the dorsolateral striatum, and the VTA dopaminergic neurons project solely into the ventromedial striatum.
The basal ganglia include the striatum, substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and the subthalamic nucleus. In mammals , the basal ganglia are associated with motor control , cognition , emotions , learning , and domain-general functions important for executive functioning as well as support for domain-specific languages.
Except for the connection to the striatum (17.3% in macaques), most of the principal neurons are multitargets and feed [check spelling] axons to the other elements of the core of the basal ganglia. [24] Some send axons to the substantia nigra medially and the medial and lateral nuclei of the pallidum laterally (3-target 21.3%).
The two major input structures of the circuit are the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The striatum receives inputs from both the cortex and the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNc), while the STN only receives cortical inputs. Two pathways emerge from the striatum. One pathway is called the indirect (or NoGo) pathway and is ...