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2. Bokeh - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh

   From left to right: an original photo with no bokeh or blur; the same photo with synthetic bokeh effect applied to its background; the same photo with Gaussian blur applied to its background. Bokeh can be simulated by convolving the image with a kernel that corresponds to the image of an out-of-focus point source taken with a real camera.

3. Shadow and highlight enhancement - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_and_highlight...

   One way to brighten shadows in image editing software such as GIMP or Adobe Photoshop is to duplicate the background layer, invert the copy and set the blend modes of that top layer to "Soft Light". You can also use an inverted black and white copy of the image as a mask on a brightening layer, such as Curves or Levels.

4. Blend modes - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blend_modes

   Linear Light: this blend mode combines Linear Dodge and Linear Burn (rescaled so that neutral colors become middle gray). Dodge is applied when the value on the top layer is lighter than middle gray, and burn applies when the top layer value is darker.

5. Photographic lighting - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_lighting

   Lighting determines exposure and can be used to create effects such as low-key and high-key lighting, both of which involve the contrast between darker and lighter elements in a scene. [2] Lighting is especially important for monochrome photography, where there is limited to no color information, and exclusively includes the interplay of ...

6. Three-point lighting - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_lighting

   The addition of a fourth light, the background light, makes for a four-point lighting setup. The background light is placed behind the subject(s), on a high grid, or low to the ground. Unlike the other three lights, which illuminate foreground elements like actors and props, it illuminates background elements, such as walls or outdoor scenery.

7. Backlighting (lighting design) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlighting_(lighting_design)

   In lighting design, backlighting is the process of illuminating the subject from the back. In other words, the lighting instrument and the viewer face each other, with the subject in between. This creates a glowing effect on the edges of the subject, [1] while other areas are darker. The backlight can be a natural or artificial source of light.