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Exceptions can be used to represent and handle abnormal, unpredictable, erroneous situations, but also as flow control structures to handle normal situations. For example, Python's iterators throw StopIteration exceptions to signal that there are no further items produced by the iterator. [1]
Illustration of the dining philosophers problem. Each philosopher has a bowl of spaghetti and can reach two of the forks. In computer science, the dining philosophers problem is an example problem often used in concurrent algorithm design to illustrate synchronization issues and techniques for resolving them.
Software libraries can provide certain thread-safety guarantees. [5] For example, concurrent reads might be guaranteed to be thread-safe, but concurrent writes might not be. Whether a program using such a library is thread-safe depends on whether it uses the library in a manner consistent with those guarantees.
In concurrent programming, a monitor is a synchronization construct that prevents threads from concurrently accessing a shared object's state and allows them to wait for the state to change. They provide a mechanism for threads to temporarily give up exclusive access in order to wait for some condition to be met, before regaining exclusive ...
A Runnable, however, does not return a result and cannot throw a checked exception. [4] Each thread can be scheduled [5] on a different CPU core [6] or use time-slicing on a single hardware processor, or time-slicing on many hardware processors. There is no general solution to how Java threads are mapped to native OS threads.
Use of futures may be implicit (any use of the future automatically obtains its value, as if it were an ordinary reference) or explicit (the user must call a function to obtain the value, such as the get method of java.util.concurrent.Futurein Java). Obtaining the value of an explicit future can be called stinging or forcing. Explicit futures ...
In computer science, the readers–writers problems are examples of a common computing problem in concurrency. [1] There are at least three variations of the problems, which deal with situations in which many concurrent threads of execution try to access the same shared resource at one time.
The fork–join model from the 1960s, embodied by multiprocessing tools like OpenMP, is an early example of a system ensuring all threads have completed before exit. However, Smith argues that this model is not true structured concurrency as the programming language is unaware of the joining behavior, and is thus unable to enforce safety. [1]