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In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics ...
The manipulations of the Rubik's Cube form the Rubik's Cube group. In mathematics, a group is a set with an operation that satisfies the following constraints: the operation is associative, it has an identity element, and every element of the set has an inverse element. Many mathematical structures are groups endowed with other properties.
German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics." Number theory also studies the natural, or whole, numbers. One of the central concepts in number theory is that of the prime number , and there are many questions about primes that appear simple but whose ...
Abstract algebra is the subject area of mathematics that studies algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras.The phrase abstract algebra was coined at the turn of the 20th century to distinguish this area from what was normally referred to as algebra, the study of the rules for manipulating formulae and algebraic expressions involving unknowns and ...
For example, the dihedral group D 8 of order sixteen can be generated by a rotation, r, of order 8; and a flip, f, of order 2; and certainly any element of D 8 is a product of r ' s and f ' s. However, we have, for example, rfr = f −1, r 7 = r −1, etc., so such products are not unique in D 8. Each such product equivalence can be expressed ...
Geometric group theory grew out of combinatorial group theory that largely studied properties of discrete groups via analyzing group presentations, which describe groups as quotients of free groups; this field was first systematically studied by Walther von Dyck, student of Felix Klein, in the early 1880s, [2] while an early form is found in the 1856 icosian calculus of William Rowan Hamilton ...
This page will attempt to list examples in mathematics. To qualify for inclusion, an article should be about a mathematical object with a fair amount of concreteness. Usually a definition of an abstract concept, a theorem, or a proof would not be an "example" as the term should be understood here (an elegant proof of an isolated but particularly striking fact, as opposed to a proof of a ...
In mathematics, a simple group is a nontrivial group whose only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself. A group that is not simple can be broken into two smaller groups, namely a nontrivial normal subgroup and the corresponding quotient group .